<\/p>\n
On April 1, 2024, Israel launched an attack on the Iranian consulate in Damascus, Syria, as part of ongoing tensions between Israel and Iran, amid the backdrop of the Israeli conflict with Gaza. This attack resulted in the deaths of several high-ranking military commanders of the Quds Force, a branch of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, including Mohammad Reza Zahedi and Mohammad Hadi Rahimi. Iran and its affiliated militias had pledged to retaliate: President Ebrahim Raisi of Iran declared that Israel\u2019s actions would not go unanswered1, while Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei emphasized the need to punish Israel for its actions. Lebanese Hezbollah described the attack as a pivotal moment and expressed its support for Tehran\u2019s right to retaliate against Israel.2<\/p>\n
Yemen seems positioned to play a role in shaping Iran\u2019s response to the Israeli attack. Iranian Foreign Minister Hussein Amir Abdullah Al-Layan\u2019s visit to Muscat on April 7, as part of a regional tour, focused primarily on formulating Iran\u2019s reaction. During this visit, Abdullahian engaged with Mohammed Abdul Salam, the spokesperson for the Houthi group residing in Muscat. In their meeting, Al-Lahyan pledged to hold Israel responsible and to seek retribution. In response, the Houthi spokesperson expressed solidarity with Iran.3<\/p>\n
As tension rises between Iran and Israel, and with Iranian officials issuing threats, Israel declared on April 10 that it would retaliate directly against Iran if attacked from Iranian soil4. With regional and international attention focused on potential responses, questions arise regarding Iran\u2019s available options. How might these options impact the situation in Yemen? This paper aims to explore this topic.<\/p>\n
Before reviewing Iranian options, it is necessary to list the most important determinants upon which Iranian options, to respond to the Israeli attack, are based. The most important of these determinants are the following:<\/p>\n
Since the end of its war with Iraq in 1989, Iran has adopted a strategy of avoiding direct conflict with regional or international powers possessing significant military capabilities. Instead, it has focused on creating and supporting armed militias, exemplified by groups in Lebanon, Iraq, Syria and Yemen, to fight on its behalf. This approach, known as \u201cproxy war,\u201d or \u201casymmetric warfare,\u201d5 allows Iran to engage in conflicts indirectly, as Iran prioritizes building and expanding its military, political and ideological power while providing pretexts to avoid confrontations in the region.<\/p>\n
Iranian leaders have adopted a rhetoric that threatens Israel with a significant retaliation, contributing to heightened expectations among its supporters and affiliated militias. This has put the region and the world on alert, increasing pressure on the Iranian leadership and making it more challenging to evade or provide a formal response. Such actions risk reinforcing the perception of Iran as a nation that resorts to threats but struggles to follow through, particularly in light of its response to the U.S. military killing of Qassem Soleimani, which was largely symbolic.<\/p>\n
Despite Iran\u2019s lofty ideological and media-driven rhetoric, its leadership typically approaches events with a pragmatic mindset. Behind the scenes, it works strategically to leverage these events for political and security advantages. It is anticipated that this pragmatic approach will also guide its response to the current incident, likely involving negotiations with the United States. These negotiations may seek assurances that Israel will refrain from targeting Iranian military and security installations in Syria and Iraq.<\/p>\n
Tehran aims to leverage this incident to establish deterrence, preventing further Israeli assaults on its military and security installations in Syria and the broader region. The recent attack on its consulate building in Damascus was not an isolated event. It followed several previous attacks, including an Israeli strike on Lebanese Hezbollah positions in parts of the Aleppo countryside on March 29. This attack resulted in the deaths of several field commanders, notably Ali Naim, the deputy commander of Hezbollah\u2019s Rocket and Missile Unit.<\/p>\n
Iranian leadership regards the American stance with apprehension and factors it in when considering available options. Since the onset of the conflict in Gaza, Washington has focused on deploying various measures to forestall regional war escalation. Amid escalating tensions between Tehran and Tel Aviv following the consulate building attack, the American administration has intensified efforts to avert a confrontation between Iran and Israel. This involves several approaches: engaging in communication with Iran to potentially broker a deal that would prevent or manage Iran\u2019s response and reaffirm support for Israel. On Wednesday, April 10, U.S. President Joe Biden reiterated unwavering backing for Israel in the face of Iran\u2019s threats6. Additionally, the United States has rallied regional and international support to de-escalate tensions. The U.S. State Department announced that Secretary of State Anthony Blinken had engaged with Turkey, China and Saudi Arabia\u2019s foreign ministers in the past 24 hours, emphasizing that Middle East escalation is detrimental to all parties\u2019 interests.7<\/p>\n
Iran has several options to retaliate against the Israeli attack, and it may opt for one or a combination of the following:<\/p>\n
Option One: Negotiating for Concessions:<\/span><\/p>\n Despite pressures urging Iran to militarily retaliate against Israel, such a response is not inevitable. Iran may instead pursue a deal, with Washington, that is aimed at curbing Israel\u2019s attacks on its military and security forces in the region. Iran could justify refraining from retaliation by claiming that it aimed to exert psychological pressure on Israel or to negotiate a halt to the Gaza conflict.<\/p>\n Option Two: Formal Retaliation:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Should the first option fail or if the costs and risks of other options escalate, Iran may resort to formal retaliation. Drawing from its response to the U.S. forces murdering Qassem Soleimani, Iran is likely to target specific sites with limited damage. Israel may even be forewarned of these targets through American or European channels. This option aims to save face, alleviate embarrassment and relieve pressure.<\/p>\n Option Three: Calculated, Non-Escalatory Response:<\/strong><\/p>\n Should Iran feel compelled to respond to the Israeli attack, it will ensure the response is measured and avoids significant risks, such as a confrontation with Israel or the U.S. This approach, referred to as a \u201ccalculated, non-escalatory response,\u201d seeks to deter aggression while maintaining Iran\u2019s credibility. Iran may delay its response to carefully engineer it to avoid getting embroiled in a full-scale conflict. It is anticipated that attacks may originate from Iranian territory or factions in the region (Syria, Iraq or Lebanon), targeting sites in the Golan Heights. Additionally, Houthi attacks in the Red Sea may be activated. However, Israel\u2019s vow to retaliate against any attacks from Iranian territory complicates this option, raising the stakes and potentially prompting Iran to target Israeli embassies or diplomatic missions in the region. The Israeli embassy in Bahrain is considered a plausible target due to Bahrain\u2019s proximity and limited military capabilities.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Fourth Option: Response through Proxies and Militias:<\/strong><\/p>\n This option aligns closely with Iran\u2019s traditional approach to managing regional tensions. It aims to minimize its direct involvement in a war with Israel and, potentially, the United States. Several statements suggest that Iran may be leaning toward this option, including declarations that resistance forces will spearhead the response, potentially plunging the entire region into conflict. Reports indicate that plans and targets for this response have been established, with the Iraqi Kurdistan region no longer favored, due to political dynamics. Furthermore, American forces in Iraq and Syria are unlikely targets due to concerns about potential U.S. retaliation.<\/p>\n Under this option, militias in Syria, Lebanon and Yemen are expected to act on behalf of Iran. The recent escalation of Houthi attacks in the Red Sea, despite a previous decline, and the meeting between Iranian Foreign Minister Amir Abdullahian and Houthi spokesperson Mohammed Abdul Salam in Muscat suggest such a response is underway. However, Israel\u2019s heightened preparations for a potential attack from the northern front, including redeployments in Gaza and threats toward Lebanon, complicate this option.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Fifth Option: Robust and Deterrent Response:<\/strong><\/p>\n This is not Iran\u2019s preferred option, but it may be compelled to pursue it if drawn into a cycle of escalation. For instance, if Iran targets a site within Israel, prompting a broader Israeli counterattack, which in turn necessitates further Iranian responses, a cycle of escalation could ensue.<\/p>\n The table below outlines Iran\u2019s available options, along with the factors favoring and hindering each option, potential outcomes and the implications on the situation in Yemen:<\/p>\n