{"id":2783,"date":"2023-08-17T14:26:51","date_gmt":"2023-08-17T14:26:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mokhacenter.org\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\/"},"modified":"2024-09-04T12:11:57","modified_gmt":"2024-09-04T12:11:57","slug":"deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mokhacenter.org\/en\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\/","title":{"rendered":"Deferment at a high cost United Nations policies toward the \u201cSafer\u201d oil tanker crisis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #2088c9;\"><strong>Abstract<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe \u201cSafer\u201d tank, a floating oil storage vessel, is currently facing a dire situation.<br \/>\nYears of neglect, due to the effects of war, have resulted in Safer\u2019s corroded<br \/>\nstructures and disrupted operating systems since 2015. Holding over a million<br \/>\nbarrels of oil, this tank has transformed into a looming threat to the environment,<br \/>\nmarine life in the Red Sea region, coastal areas and the international trade route.<br \/>\nRecognizing the urgency of the matter, the United Nations has stepped in to<br \/>\naddress this crisis. Their policies and actions have garnered significant global<br \/>\nattention, rallying political and financial resources toward resolving the issue.<br \/>\nHowever, there have been criticisms that the budget allocated for the<br \/>\nintervention was exaggerated, potentially leveraging the severity of the potential<br \/>\nconsequences to pressure the international community into action.<br \/>\nUltimately, while the United Nations managed to avert an immediate catastrophe<br \/>\nand remove the immediate threat, a lasting solution to prevent such dangers<br \/>\nfrom arising again remains elusive.<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #2088c9;\"><strong>Introduction:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>On Friday, August 11, 2023, the United Nations announced the completion of the<br \/>\ntransfer of an oil load estimated at 1.14 million barrels, from the floating oil<br \/>\ntanker \u201cSafer\u201d, which is moored off the port of Ras Issa for oil export in Hodeidah,<br \/>\non the Red Sea, to another tanker, called \u201cYemen\u201d, and that vessel\u2019s original<br \/>\nname was Nautica. The cost of this operation amounted to about $148 million. It<br \/>\nwas launched on Tuesday, corresponding to July 25, 2023, and, at the time,<br \/>\nAntonio Guterres, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, had said: \u201cThe<br \/>\nUnited Nations has begun the process of defusing what may be the largest time<br \/>\nbomb in the world.\u201d (1)<br \/>\nThe international community widely embraced the operation\u2019s success. Anthony<br \/>\nBlinken, the U.S. Secretary of State, commended the unloading of the Safer oil,<br \/>\nlabeling it as a potent model for future global coordination to preclude crises<br \/>\nproactively. Notable entities, like the European Union mission in Yemen, along<br \/>\nwith Britain, the Netherlands, France, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, Jordan,<br \/>\nthe Arab Parliament and the Gulf Cooperation Council, extended their accolades<br \/>\nfor the successful oil transfer from the Floating Storage and Offloading unit (FSO)<br \/>\nSafer. (2)<br \/>\nIn his own statement, Abd al-Salam Hameed, Yemen\u2019s Minister of Transport,<br \/>\nasserted, \u201cWith the successful completion of the unloading process from the<br \/>\nSafer floating tank, which accounted for over 1.1 million barrels, the United<br \/>\nNations has realized a significant milestone in safeguarding Yemeni territorial<br \/>\nwaters. This achievement stands as a collaborative effort between the legitimate<br \/>\ngovernment, its specialized institutions and the international community.\u201d He<br \/>\nemphasized that the unloading operation not only shielded Yemen\u2019s territorial<br \/>\nintegrity but also averted the haunting specter that had plagued Yemenis, the<br \/>\nregion and even the global stage. (3)<br \/>\nThe objective of this paper is to both present and assess the United Nations\u2019<br \/>\nadopted policies concerning the ailing tanker, elucidating the organization\u2019s<br \/>\napproach to addressing this critical issue.<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #2088c9;\"><strong>Safer tanker:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The Safer floating tank, originally built in Japan in 1976 as an oil tanker under the<br \/>\nname Esso Japan, has undergone significant transformations over the years.<br \/>\nWeighing a total of 192,679 tons and stretching 376 meters (1,233.5 feet) in<br \/>\nlength with a towering height of 1,188 feet (4) , this massive vessel has seen a<br \/>\nchange in purpose and ownership.<br \/>\nIn 1987, the ship\u2019s role shifted as it was converted into a floating oil platform.<br \/>\nAcquired by the Safer Company for Oil Production and Exploration Operations (5) , it<br \/>\nwas rebranded as Safer. Since 1988, it has remained anchored 8 kilometers (5<br \/>\nmiles) northwest of Ras Issa port in Hodeidah, located along the Red Sea.<br \/>\nRanked as the third-largest floating oil reservoir globally, the Safer boasts an<br \/>\nimpressive storage capacity of 3 million barrels of crude oil. This reservoir receives<br \/>\noil from extraction fields in Ma\u2019rib Governorate, via a 438-kilometer (272-mile)<br \/>\npipeline. Here, the crude oil is stored, and the facility is outfitted with the<br \/>\nnecessary equipment for transferring oil to other cargo ships for exportation.<br \/>\nDespite its intended lifespan, which suggests disposal about 20 years ago, the<br \/>\nSafer continues to exist. This is despite the fact that it hasn\u2019t undergone regular<br \/>\nmaintenance since the Houthi group took control of Hodeidah\u2019s port in 2015.<br \/>\nSince that point, no oil has been transported to the vessel. Presently, it holds<br \/>\napproximately 1.14 million tons of Ma\u2019rib Light Oil.<br \/>\nAccording to international reports, the structural integrity of the Safer has been<br \/>\ncompromised, with damage to its walls and disruptions in its operating systems.<br \/>\nThe passage of time has rendered it a ticking time bomb and a significant<br \/>\nenvironmental and strategic hazard. The potential for oil leakage, or even<br \/>\nexplosions due to the presence of flammable gases within its tanks, underscores<br \/>\nthe urgency of addressing the situation.<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #2088c9;\"><strong>Catastrophic repercussions:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Numerous reports and studies have consistently underscored the potential for<br \/>\ndire consequences arising from any oil leakage or explosion aboard the tanker.<br \/>\nThe ramifications of such an event would be truly catastrophic, rippling through<br \/>\nvarious aspects of the environment and human lives. The marine ecosystem<br \/>\nwithin the Red Sea would bear the brunt of this catastrophe, with its destruction<br \/>\nbeing a grim inevitability. Such an incident would result in the annihilation of<br \/>\nmarine life, a vital component of the sea\u2019s delicate balance. The fallout wouldn\u2019t<br \/>\nstop there \u2014 millions of individuals residing in the vicinity would find themselves<br \/>\nsubjected to severe air pollution, exacerbating health concerns on a massive<br \/>\nscale.<br \/>\nCoastal communities, which are intricately linked to the sea\u2019s resources, would<br \/>\nface devastating losses. The abrupt disruption in the fishing sector would cause<br \/>\nirrevocable harm, rendering hundreds of thousands of workers bereft of their<br \/>\nlivelihoods overnight. The recovery of fish stocks, an intricate and slow process,<br \/>\nwould stretch over an agonizing span of more than 25 years. (6)<br \/>\nThe far-reaching impact is not bound by borders \u2014 six nations along the Red Sea\u2019s<br \/>\ncoastline would find their populations\u2019 health and well-being compromised. The<br \/>\naftermath of such a disaster would taint the very essentials of life \u2014 air, food and<br \/>\nwater \u2014 with pollutants. The estimated cost of cleansing seawater and shorelines<br \/>\npost-spill is a staggering $20 billion, a testament to the magnitude of the<br \/>\nimpending damage. Comparatively, the catastrophe resulting from the 1989<br \/>\nExxon Valdez oil spill in the Gulf of Alaska pales in comparison. The enormous<br \/>\nSafer vessel contains more than four times the tonnage of the Exxon Valdez. (7)<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #2088c9;\"><strong>UN intervention:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nAmid the ongoing conflict that has persisted since March 2015, growing concerns<br \/>\nemerged regarding the imminent perils faced by the Safer tanker and its<br \/>\nsurrounding environment. The potential consequences of any mishap would far<br \/>\nexceed the capacity of the war-ravaged Yemeni state to manage. Recognizing the<br \/>\ngravity of the situation, the United Nations\u2019 intervention became imperative.<\/p>\n<p>The United Nations responded by dispatching a team of experts tasked with<br \/>\nevaluating the state of the reservoir and initiating preliminary repairs. In August<br \/>\n2019, the mission was set to commence from Djibouti, having secured<br \/>\nagreements from all involved parties, including the Houthi group. Regrettably, the<br \/>\nmission was abruptly called off when the Houthis withdrew their consent on the<br \/>\neve of the team\u2019s departure. (8)<br \/>\nReports then circulated, indicating that seawater had breached the Safer tanker\u2019s<br \/>\nhull, reaching the engine room and gravely imperiling the vessel. In response, the<br \/>\nUnited Nations swiftly intensified its efforts to address this critical development,<br \/>\nwhich had brought the ship perilously close to sinking. A temporary solution was<br \/>\nimplemented to contain the leak at that time. However, the intransigence of the<br \/>\nHouthi group persisted, as they transformed the tanker into a bargaining tool<br \/>\nagainst both the legitimate government and the international community.<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #2088c9;\"><strong>International pressure:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>International efforts have intensified to put pressure on the Houthi group to allow<br \/>\nthe tanker to be inspected, repaired and the oil unloaded from it. In July 2020, the<br \/>\nU.S. State Department called on the Houthis to cooperate with the UN envoy to<br \/>\nYemen, Martin Griffiths, and to allow the United Nations to maintain the Safer<br \/>\nreservoir. In a tweet on Twitter, the ministry said that the Houthis alone will bear<br \/>\nthe humanitarian costs if an oil leak occurs from the tanker (9) . During a session of<br \/>\nthe United Nations Security Council on the Yemeni crisis, the former U.S.<br \/>\nrepresentative to the United Nations, Kelly Craft, held the Houthi group<br \/>\nresponsible stating, \u201cIf a leak occurs, or worse, if an explosion occurs, the Houthis<br \/>\nwill bear full responsibility for any disaster because of their efforts to use the<br \/>\ntanker as a bargaining chip to increase political and economic influence\u201d. (10)<br \/>\nThe European Union has warned of a potential humanitarian, economic and<br \/>\nenvironmental catastrophe in Yemen and the Red Sea, as a result, and that the<br \/>\nSafer could cause a major disruption in global maritime trade, which passes<br \/>\nthrough the Bab al-Mandab Strait. The countries bordering the Red Sea, such as<br \/>\nEgypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, demanded urgent action from the Security<br \/>\nCouncil to avert this disaster. The permanent representative of Saudi Arabia to<\/p>\n<p>the United Nations warned the UN Security Council that an \u201coil slick\u201d was seen 50<br \/>\nkilometers (31 miles) west of the Safer. (12)<br \/>\nThe Netherlands emerged as a pivotal player in the negotiations involving Yemeni<br \/>\nparties. On March 1, 2022, the Dutch ambassador embarked on a visit to Sana\u2019a<br \/>\nand Al-Hodeidah, regions that Houthi group control. The ambassador\u2019s purpose<br \/>\nwas to advocate for an urgent resolution to the imminent threat posed by the<br \/>\nSafer oil tanker, which could unleash a catastrophic oil spill with dire<br \/>\nconsequences for Yemen\u2019s inhabitants, their livelihoods and the fragile Red Sea<br \/>\necosystem (13) . As part of his engagement, he participated in discussions alongside<br \/>\nthe United Nations Mission in Hodeidah and the port of Ras Isa \u2014 adjacent to the<br \/>\ndocking point of the Safer tanker \u2014 to present the proposal to the Houthi group.<br \/>\nIn line with these efforts, the Dutch Minister of Foreign Trade and International<br \/>\nCooperation, Lesje Schrenmacher, visited Aden on September 15, 2022. During<br \/>\nher visit, a meeting was convened under the chairmanship of Yemeni Prime<br \/>\nMinister Maeen Abdulmalik. The meeting involved the presence of David Grizzly,<br \/>\nthe Resident Coordinator for Executive Activities and the United Nations<br \/>\nHumanitarian Coordinator for Yemen. The meeting aimed to discuss the status of<br \/>\nthe Safer oil reservoir, as well as the efforts exerted to initiate the<br \/>\nimplementation of the first phase of the United Nations\u2019 plan to empty and<br \/>\nmaintain it in order to avoid a global environmental catastrophe. (14)<br \/>\nThe Security Council \u2014 more than once \u2014 called on the Houthis to allow<br \/>\ninternational inspectors to inspect the reservoir \u201cwithout delay\u201d, and urged the<br \/>\nmembers of the Security Council to \u201cfacilitate safe and unconditional access for<br \/>\nUnited Nations experts, so that they can conduct an impartial and comprehensive<br \/>\nassessment, in addition to an initial maintenance mission, without delay\u201d. (15)<br \/>\nIn July 2020, at the invitation of Britain, the Security Council held a session via<br \/>\nvideoconference in which it discussed the situation of the Safer tanker, and the<br \/>\ncouncil expressed its deep concern about the increasing risk of the tanker<br \/>\ndisintegrating, which could cause an environmental, economic and humanitarian<br \/>\ncatastrophe for Yemen and its neighbors (16) .<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #2088c9;\"><strong>Signing a framework<\/strong> <strong>agreement with the Houthis:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The United Nations continued discussions with the Houthis about a document<br \/>\nthat defines the scope of work assigned to the proposed mission, the nature of its<br \/>\nactivity and its tasks, and, on November 21, 2022, the United Nations received a<br \/>\nletter from the Houthis indicating their formal approval of the scope of work, and,<br \/>\nin light of this approval, the United Nations became in a position that enables it to<br \/>\ninitiate the logistical preparations for the mission, including the use of donor<br \/>\nfunds to secure the recruitment of technical experts and the purchase of the<br \/>\nnecessary equipment. The Yemeni government expressed its full support for the<br \/>\nproposed technical mission (17) .<br \/>\nOn March 8, 2022, the Houthi group signed an agreement with the United<br \/>\nNations allowing the oil to be unloaded from the Safer oil tanker. The agreement<br \/>\nincluded the commitment of the United Nations to provide and supply an<br \/>\nalternative floating tanker equivalent to the Safer (18) tanker, suitable for export,<br \/>\nwithin a period of 18 months, with the Houthis not incurring any financial<br \/>\nobligations, and that they be committed to providing all facilities for the success<br \/>\nof the project. (19)<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #2088c9;\"><strong>Developing a plan and budget:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Accordingly, the United Nations has prepared a two-track plan: In the first, a long-<br \/>\nterm replacement ship for the floating tank Safer is installed, and in the second,<br \/>\nan emergency operation is carried out by an international marine salvage<br \/>\ncompany to transfer oil from aboard the Safer to a safe temporary ship. After<br \/>\nthat, the Safer tanker is towed to a yard and sold for recycling (20) .<br \/>\nThe budget was distributed as shown in the following table:<br \/>\nTable No. 1. Items of the budget for the implementation of the plan prepared by<br \/>\nthe United Nations:<\/p>\n<div class=\"tie-center-button\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mokhacenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/United-Nations-policies-toward-the-Safer-oil-tanker-crisis.pdf\" class=\"shortc-button small button\">click to download the article<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract<br \/>\nThe \u201cSafer\u201d tank, a floating oil storage vessel, is currently facing a dire situation.<br \/>\nYears of neglect, due to the effects of war, have resulted in Safer\u2019s corroded<br \/>\nstructures and disrupted operating systems since 2015. Holding over a million<br \/>\nbarrels of oil, this tank has transformed into a looming threat to the environment,<br \/>\nmarine life in the Red Sea region, coastal areas and the international trade route.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":5673,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,70,61],"tags":[572,573,570,571],"class_list":["post-2783","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analytics","category-archives","category-case-study","tag-environmental-risks","tag-international-response","tag-safer-tanker-crisis","tag-un-intervention"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Deferment at a high cost United Nations policies toward the \u201cSafer\u201d oil tanker crisis<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Abstract The \u201cSafer\u201d tank, a floating oil storage vessel, is currently facing a dire situation. Years of neglect, due to the effects of war, have resulted in Safer\u2019s corroded structures and disrupted operating systems since 2015. Holding over a million barrels of oil, this tank has transformed into a looming threat to the environment, marine life in the Red Sea region, coastal areas and the international trade route.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mokhacenter.org\/en\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Deferment at a high cost United Nations policies toward the \u201cSafer\u201d oil tanker crisis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Abstract The \u201cSafer\u201d tank, a floating oil storage vessel, is currently facing a dire situation. Years of neglect, due to the effects of war, have resulted in Safer\u2019s corroded structures and disrupted operating systems since 2015. Holding over a million barrels of oil, this tank has transformed into a looming threat to the environment, marine life in the Red Sea region, coastal areas and the international trade route.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mokhacenter.org\/en\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mokha For Strategic Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/facebook.com\/mokhacenter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-08-17T14:26:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-09-04T12:11:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mokhacenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646-\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0631.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. Nasser Mohammed Ali Al-Tawil\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@mokhacenter\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@mokhacenter\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. Nasser Mohammed Ali Al-Tawil\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/en\\\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/en\\\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Dr. Nasser Mohammed Ali Al-Tawil\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/83589d2e38d0da178f673f944491f291\"},\"headline\":\"Deferment at a high cost United Nations policies toward the \u201cSafer\u201d oil tanker crisis\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-08-17T14:26:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-09-04T12:11:57+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/en\\\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2141,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/en\\\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/08\\\/\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646-\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0631.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Environmental Risks\",\"International Response\",\"Safer Tanker Crisis\",\"UN Intervention\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Analytics\",\"Archives\",\"Case study\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/en\\\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/en\\\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\\\/\",\"name\":\"Deferment at a high cost United Nations policies toward the \u201cSafer\u201d oil tanker crisis\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/en\\\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/en\\\/deferment-at-a-high-cost-united-nations-policies-toward-the-safer-oil-tanker-crisis\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mokhacenter.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/08\\\/\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646-\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0631.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-08-17T14:26:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-09-04T12:11:57+00:00\",\"description\":\"Abstract The \u201cSafer\u201d tank, a floating oil storage vessel, is currently facing a dire situation. Years of neglect, due to the effects of war, have resulted in Safer\u2019s corroded structures and disrupted operating systems since 2015. 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